Without knowing anything about the specifics of the computer you are talking about, a solution or even a suggestion might be difficult at best.
Some details regarding your system might be helpful.
It's possible, I suppose, that the storage controller "Mode" may have been changed or the boot options may have been changed from Legacy to UEFI you might want to investigate that by entering the full System Setup Utility BIOS (not just the BIOS boot menu).
Again some specifics would be helpful... like if your computers uses UEFI / GPT versus Legacy / MBR.
IF the BIOS truly no longer sees the physical disk anymore then you may have to remove it and attach it to a second computer to see if you can determine if the disk has actually failed completely or if partition(s) containing the Boot Configuration Data are missing or corrupt.
You might try booting from the Windows 8.1 installation media and attempt to perform a Startup Repair to reconstitute the BCD.