Sounds like there is some third party software that has set restrictions
That certainly is a possibility.
I've been doing some fiddling in the Registry in an attempt to replicate the fault Irylen has been describing.
Thanks for your input (via Inbox messaging Trouble) re the Strings Hash and ProgID, as that helped me confirm its Microsoft's own algorithms setting these ProgID's and Hash keys. Any attempt to modify that Hash string outside of Microsoft's GUI's will cause these symptoms.
Some third party programs may be modifying the Hash and thus triggering Microsoft's System protection which uses that Generic response, 'Problems occurred, resetting X' where X is the Default built in app Microsoft recommend using in the Windows 10 environment to handle a particular file extension.
It appears this particular issue first began back in February this year for some Windows 10 users (not all) with the Cumulative Update for Windows 10 Version 1511 (KB3135173) dated 9 February, 2016.
I myself have not experienced any issue at all with this update, but clearly many have if you read the Forums on Microsoft's site. Some users have resorted to rolling back that update and managed to resolve their issues for now, but that is a temporary fix, not a real solution, and certainly not one I'd recommend given its a Cumulative update with several fixes for the OS.
Other users have discovered if they go to the official website of their Third party utilities and download the latest Installers for their third party applications, that this seems to resolve their issues. daveHC commented earlier regarding PDF associations taking over Edge and suggested downloading Adobe. For some users this is what they have done to resolve the issue.
Others are having Photos, and other image extensions reset and it appears a common third party utility in use with those users is a program called Irfanview. Likewise downloading the most recent installer for some seems to resolve that issue.
Yet others discovered using Winzip was the cause of their troubles, but again found downloading a new Installer from the official website solved their problems.
The common denominator here seems to be when a user has installed a third party tool from their favorite download site rather than from the Tools official website!
So it seems the same must surely apply to Third Party Browsers if logic applies.
The Cumulative Update for Windows 10 Version 1511 and Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview 4 (KB3140743), dated 1 March, 2016 includes a repair to Default settings. If it is the case the February Cumulative update is in part the culprit then in theory the March cumulative update ought to resolve that.
Have you updated yet Irylen? Or have you not updated in while?
Back to the Windows Registry - if following the advice of daveHC and Troubles suggestions does not lead to a resolution and you have both KB3135173 dated 9 February, 2016 and KB3140743 dates 1 March, 2016 installed, then we can resort to a significant tweak to your Registry to force the particular app refusing to allow you to use a default option to stop this behavior.
I'd prefer not to be doing this though unless the other avenues do not work for you.
If we do need to go down this route I'll be needing you to confirm there are not other apps having the same issue too. Or whether its just the Browser (Edge) in this case you have this problem with.
Regards,
Regedit32